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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autokorrelation</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Autokorrelation</b> (auch <b>Kreuzautokorrelation</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ist ein Begriff aus der <a href="Stochastik" title="Stochastik">Stochastik</a> und der <a href="Signalverarbeitung" title="Signalverarbeitung">Signalverarbeitung</a> und beschreibt die <a href="Korrelation" title="Korrelation">Korrelation</a> einer Funktion oder eines Signals mit sich selbst zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt. Korrelationsfunktionen werden für Folgen von <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet, die von der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängen. Diese Funktionen geben an, wie viel Ähnlichkeit die um die Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> verschobene Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t-\tau )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t-\tau )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c60fa1cdb028b91568be933e3478b8a8a55f927.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t-\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der ursprünglichen Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> hat. Da die unverschobene Folge mit sich selbst am ähnlichsten ist, hat die Autokorrelation für die unverschobene Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\tau =0)}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\tau =0)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8aa4f12bb6032386577a2d6de64d2efe140d50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.272ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\tau =0)}" loading="lazy"></span> den höchsten Wert. Wenn zwischen den Gliedern der Folge eine Beziehung besteht, die mehr als zufällig ist, hat auch die Korrelation der ursprünglichen Folge mit der verschobenen Folge in der Regel einen Wert, der signifikant von Null abweicht. Man sagt dann, die Glieder der Folge sind autokorreliert.
</p>


<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeines">Allgemeines</h2></div>
<p>Da die Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer verschobenen Version ihrer selbst verglichen wird, spricht man von einer Autokorrelation. Werden hingegen zwei verschiedene Folgen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t-\tau )}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t-\tau )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ece973eed80096b551817a8f0a11741a260b9260.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.847ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t-\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> verglichen, spricht man von einer <a href="Kreuzkorrelation" title="Kreuzkorrelation">Kreuzkorrelation</a>. Mit der Autokorrelation ist es möglich, Zusammenhänge zwischen den beobachteten Ergebnissen zu verschiedenen Beobachtungszeitpunkten einer Messreihe festzustellen. Die Kreuzkorrelation gibt dagegen die Korrelation zwischen verschiedenen Merkmalen in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit an.
</p><p>In der Signalverarbeitung geht man häufig auch von kontinuierlichen Messdaten aus. Man spricht von Autokorrelation, wenn die kontinuierliche oder zeitdiskrete Funktion (z.&nbsp;B. ein- oder mehrdimensionale Funktion über die Zeit oder den Ort) mit sich selbst korreliert wird, beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t+\tau )}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t+\tau )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e263e4c42881d08c1b9a282a678d62b6586ce8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t+\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mit dem <a href="Durbin-Watson-Test" title="Durbin-Watson-Test">Durbin-Watson-Test</a> kann anhand einer Stichprobe überprüft werden, ob eine Zeitreihe oder räumliche Daten eine Autokorrelation aufweisen.
</p><p>Die Autokorrelation wird in den verschiedenen Disziplinen unterschiedlich definiert. In der Statistik wird sie für <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastische Prozesse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> als normierte Form der Autokovarianz berechnet, in der Signalverarbeitung als <a href="Faltung_(Mathematik)" title="Faltung (Mathematik)">Faltung</a> des zeitabhängigen Signals <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit sich selbst. In manchen Gebieten werden die Begriffe Autokorrelation und Autokovarianz auch synonym verwendet.
</p>

<p>In einem <a href="Korrelogramm" title="Korrelogramm">Korrelogramm</a> kann die geschätzte Autokorrelation inklusive <a href="Konfidenzintervall" title="Konfidenzintervall">Konfidenzintervallen</a> grafisch dargestellt werden und so schnell die <a href="Statistische_Signifikanz" title="Statistische Signifikanz">statistische Signifikanz</a> einer geschätzten Autokorrelation bewertet werden.
Alternativ kann auch der <a href="Portmanteau-Test" title="Portmanteau-Test">Portmanteau-Test</a> zum Test auf Autokorrelation verwendet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autokorrelation_in_der_Stochastik">Autokorrelation in der Stochastik</h2></div>
<p>In der Stochastik beschreibt die <i>Autokovarianzfunktion</i> oder <i><a href="Kovarianzfunktion" title="Kovarianzfunktion">Kovarianzfunktion</a></i> die <a href="Kovarianz_(Stochastik)" title="Kovarianz (Stochastik)">Kovarianz</a> zwischen den Zufallsvariablen eines reellwertigen <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastischen Prozesses</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05f8b9d621c0c80afa86a7198ba021247d3a40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit zwei verschiedenen Indizes (z. B. Zeitpunkten im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/199af15f1888a8f2e0e9a965459e8e00ba3e8f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.413ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Kovarianzfunktion" title="Kovarianzfunktion">Kovarianzfunktion</a></i></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div>
<p>Für einen <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellwertigen</a> stochastischen Prozess <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05f8b9d621c0c80afa86a7198ba021247d3a40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit endlichen Varianzen, d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})<\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})&lt;\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b08a5845ecad7b254e0f5769b86fd9a6d54d8b4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.799ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})<\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4fe93f70df3818ecca67c2ca44f087483951856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span>, heißt die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75fa5399d9b1cb5351d6dc0ba6e5635d7392955e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.701ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})=\operatorname {Cov} (X_{t_{1}},X_{t_{2}})=\operatorname {E} [({X_{t_{1}}}-{\mu _{t_{1}}})({X_{t_{2}}}-{\mu _{t_{2}}})],\quad {\text{für alle }}t_{1},t_{2}\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Cov</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})=\operatorname {Cov} (X_{t_{1}},X_{t_{2}})=\operatorname {E} [({X_{t_{1}}}-{\mu _{t_{1}}})({X_{t_{2}}}-{\mu _{t_{2}}})],\quad {\text{für alle }}t_{1},t_{2}\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/540699f90a322aff00351350892fae931cc50683.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:73.968ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})=\operatorname {Cov} (X_{t_{1}},X_{t_{2}})=\operatorname {E} [({X_{t_{1}}}-{\mu _{t_{1}}})({X_{t_{2}}}-{\mu _{t_{2}}})],\quad {\text{für alle }}t_{1},t_{2}\in T}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(Auto-)Kovarianzfunktion des stochastischen Prozesses.
Hierbei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [\cdot ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [\cdot ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a71518eb57ffaf54c0c31bf94de5ac9d7ab11a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} [\cdot ]}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mu _{t}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mu _{t}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88c323be4447c362ad018aceb03d44017b3b2796.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.228ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mu _{t}}}" loading="lazy"></span> den Erwartungswert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Existenz und Endlichkeit dieser Erwartungswerte ergibt sich aus der Endlichkeit der Varianzen. Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}=t_{2}=t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}=t_{2}=t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ecb4f214c0340ce4672e0958c08cace60d952392.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.824ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}=t_{2}=t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Autokovarianz identisch mit der <a href="Varianz_(Stochastik)" title="Varianz (Stochastik)">Varianz</a>, d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma (t,t)=\mathrm {Var} (X_{t})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma (t,t)=\mathrm {Var} (X_{t})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8678e6b4df561a9968377b39477de201c052555.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma (t,t)=\mathrm {Var} (X_{t})}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für einen reellwertigen stochastischen Prozess mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/199af15f1888a8f2e0e9a965459e8e00ba3e8f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.413ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, der <a href="Station%C3%A4rer_stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stationärer stochastischer Prozess">schwach stationär</a> (stationär im weiteren Sinn) ist, sind die Größen Erwartungswert, Standardabweichung und Varianz der Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4fe93f70df3818ecca67c2ca44f087483951856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht zeitabhängig. Die Autokovarianzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cb84deee9d345d7363d4030da92cb5fb8815b5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.893ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma (t_{1},t_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> sind dann nicht von der Lage der Zeitpunkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fee708b41e7079eabd50d61c8bf3e965db16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, sondern nur von der Zeitdifferenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =t_{2}-t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =t_{2}-t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bcac0ba18364ad7c18e246eaddeed69f2b2b381.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.929ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =t_{2}-t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fee708b41e7079eabd50d61c8bf3e965db16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängig, es gilt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{\tau }:=\gamma (t,t+\tau )=\operatorname {E} \left[\left({X}_{t}-\mu \right)\left({X_{t+\tau }}-\mu \right)\right],}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{\tau }:=\gamma (t,t+\tau )=\operatorname {E} \left[\left({X}_{t}-\mu \right)\left({X_{t+\tau }}-\mu \right)\right],}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c34bbf3a766132d6abf872a5a3b6d069f29df150.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.599ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{\tau }:=\gamma (t,t+\tau )=\operatorname {E} \left[\left({X}_{t}-\mu \right)\left({X_{t+\tau }}-\mu \right)\right],}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =\operatorname {E} [X_{t}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =\operatorname {E} [X_{t}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9aa1493862dc842262d2afc22b3fffa6bd6da681.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.127ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =\operatorname {E} [X_{t}]}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4fe93f70df3818ecca67c2ca44f087483951856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Autokorrelationsfunktion des stochastischen Prozesses wird, falls dieser positive Varianzen für alle Zeitpunkte besitzt, definiert als normierte Autokovarianzfunktion:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)={\frac {\gamma \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)}{\sigma _{t_{1}}\sigma _{t_{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{ mit}}-1\leq \rho (t_{1},t_{2})\leq +1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;mit</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)={\frac {\gamma \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)}{\sigma _{t_{1}}\sigma _{t_{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{ mit}}-1\leq \rho (t_{1},t_{2})\leq +1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/808dd3f2176b32b5613b893786dcdc944b85d81c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.151ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)={\frac {\gamma \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)}{\sigma _{t_{1}}\sigma _{t_{2}}}}\qquad {\mbox{ mit}}-1\leq \rho (t_{1},t_{2})\leq +1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><dl><dd>Hierbei bedeuten:</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<table style="margin-left:5em">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56dd1c5dd3c977b2f6c7b8fb5125407530ea0afc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><a href="Standardabweichung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardabweichung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Standardabweichung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c615c1702605fda4054320727c326113accb0e43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06274a3db03eaec20c9f17c992fe61291e6ebb36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{t_{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Standardabweichung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t_{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t_{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b13bddb1b35fd2d926c21d0d226b3c6be64839e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t_{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (t_{1},t_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (t_{1},t_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3827e5105385b49890ec95fdabd0c1ffb7415455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.833ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (t_{1},t_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Autokorrelation bezogen auf die Zeitpunkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fee708b41e7079eabd50d61c8bf3e965db16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In dieser Form ist die Autokorrelationsfunktion einheitenlos und auf den Bereich zwischen −1 und 1 normiert.
</p><p>Für einen stationären Prozess ist die Autokovarianz nur vom Zeitunterschied <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb0768c0bd659f2f84fb5ef9f4b74f336123d915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fee708b41e7079eabd50d61c8bf3e965db16f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.894ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängig. Die Standardabweichung ist dann unabhängig vom Zeitpunkt, das Produkt der Standardabweichungen im Nenner entspricht dann der von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängigen Varianz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\operatorname {Var} (X_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Var</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\operatorname {Var} (X_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2073a5c27009623b60d2a13086e29b8eadd74ab5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.138ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\operatorname {Var} (X_{t})=\operatorname {Var} (X_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Somit vereinfacht sich die Autokorrelationsfunktion für einen stationären Prozess zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)=\varrho _{\tau }={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\gamma _{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)=\varrho _{\tau }={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\gamma _{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bc0cf534457bb244392ac59e322f0d0270aafe6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.718ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho \left(t_{1},t_{2}\right)=\varrho _{\tau }={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}={\frac {\gamma _{\tau }}{\gamma _{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{0}=\sigma _{X}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{0}=\sigma _{X}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7ea6fab6cfd7989d695bd49da2d617a5e29ec88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.317ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{0}=\sigma _{X}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften_der_Autokorrelationsfunktion">Eigenschaften der Autokorrelationsfunktion</h3></div>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05f8b9d621c0c80afa86a7198ba021247d3a40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichne einen reellwertigen stochastischen Prozess mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/199af15f1888a8f2e0e9a965459e8e00ba3e8f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.413ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\subseteq \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Falls der Prozess <a href="Station%C3%A4r_im_weiteren_Sinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationär im weiteren Sinn">stationär im weiteren Sinn</a> ist, wird im Folgenden vom <i>stationären Spezialfall</i> gesprochen.
</p>
<ul><li>Für die Autokorrelationsfunktion gilt</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1\leq \varrho (s,t)\leq 1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1\leq \varrho (s,t)\leq 1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/207ac5bd1b885c765eab516af2d491ac4cc8d437.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:32.926ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1\leq \varrho (s,t)\leq 1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Die Aukorrelationsfunktion ist also – im Unterschied zur Autokovarianzfunktion – <i>normiert</i>, in dem sie nur Werte im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e3b7f14a6f70e614728c583409a0b9a8b9de01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.461ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> annehmen kann.</dd>
<dd>Im stationären Spezialfall gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }\in [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }\in [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b8fb6133f5a4d3b7abd242d90feb7e07381bef5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.585ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }\in [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Es gilt</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho (t,t)=1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho (t,t)=1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c357741bc3904c6b95f87e4075afaef98bff1533.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:26.606ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho (t,t)=1\quad {\text{für alle }}t\in T\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Im stationären Spezialfall gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{0}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{0}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c0e0511f58e4fb2d9ddb5f41d82c18b64647e4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.517ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{0}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die Autokorrelationsfunktion hat die <i>Symmetrieeigenschaft</i></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\varrho (t,s)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\varrho (t,s)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87c10c72039ae0b23f834e8132b3acfa18ee34e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.794ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\varrho (t,s)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Im stationären Spezialfall gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\varrho _{-\tau }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\varrho _{-\tau }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5203895227c125043e8d4928e478d28636ac3eb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.945ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\varrho _{-\tau }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/092fbcc31a03a9bec6bd349d21b978510877fc83.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.638ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4fe93f70df3818ecca67c2ca44f087483951856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, ist</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\gamma (s,t)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\gamma (s,t)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a3a453277cc755c9f4d9f90c6a921c6b4b68df6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.855ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\gamma (s,t)\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>die Konzepte der Korrelations- und der Kovarianzfunktion fallen in diesem Spezialfall also zusammen.</dd>
<dd>Im stationären Spezialfall gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\gamma _{\tau }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\gamma _{\tau }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74400c612e5d13c3d51a3edcca44814c64c65666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.669ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\gamma _{\tau }}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Falls alle Zufallsvariablen <a href="Standardisierte_Zufallsvariable" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardisierte Zufallsvariable">standardisiert</a> sind, also ein Prozess mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X_{t}]=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X_{t}]=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5586821a077342d212746771ed22044950eda37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X_{t}]=0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/092fbcc31a03a9bec6bd349d21b978510877fc83.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.638ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} (X_{t})=1}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4fe93f70df3818ecca67c2ca44f087483951856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span> vorliegt, gilt</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\mathrm {E} [X_{s}X_{t}]\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\mathrm {E} [X_{s}X_{t}]\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b98799632e8c31ab68b848fb1b7b6c23b2899196.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:36.374ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t)=\mathrm {E} [X_{s}X_{t}]\quad {\text{für alle }}s,t\in T\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Im stationären Spezialfall gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\mathrm {E} [X_{t}X_{t+\tau }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\mathrm {E} [X_{t}X_{t+\tau }]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/073f47781a3bd899338fbe7c5b5ade94f10b2c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\tau }=\mathrm {E} [X_{t}X_{t+\tau }]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schätzung"><span id="Sch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Schätzung</h3></div>
<p>Analog zur <a href="Stichprobenkovarianz" title="Stichprobenkovarianz">Stichprobenkovarianz</a> und <a href="Korrelationskoeffizient#Empirischer_Korrelationskoeffizient" class="mw-redirect" title="Korrelationskoeffizient">Stichprobenkorrelation</a> können auch die Stichprobenautokovarianz bzw. die Stichprobenautokorrelation bestimmt werden. Liegen die Daten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8694289524164f895d6665f163e14c4dc5ec648d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.528ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> vor, die als Realisierung eines (im weiteren Sinn) stationären stochastischen Prozesses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in \{1,\dots ,n\}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in \{1,\dots ,n\}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/749fbb2894154a392a43539e8ea3e4f31ee5ccba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.774ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in \{1,\dots ,n\}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgefasst werden können, so werden die unkorrigierten azyklischen<sup id="cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuliusSmithDFT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stichprobenautokovarianzen üblicherweise durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45459240ba9574e7ad4b64b4969601cbfcc6fef7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:51.353ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18d67bed3abe8f5d49e0eee31bb51b5ae34a32c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.508ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Zu beachten ist hier die Konvention, die Summe durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> statt durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a379c32e6117da1461473f8508e38ef26bccba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.437ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-\tau }" loading="lazy"></span> zu teilen, um zu garantieren, dass die Folge der Stichprobenautokovarianzen <a href="Definitheit" title="Definitheit">positiv semidefinit</a> ist.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man die unkorrigierte <a href="Stichprobenvarianz_(Sch%C3%A4tzfunktion)" title="Stichprobenvarianz (Schätzfunktion)">Stichprobenvarianz</a> der Daten.
</p><p>Die Stichprobenautokorrelation ergibt sich dann durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\tau }={\frac {{\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }}{{\hat {\gamma }}_{0}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n-{\tau }}(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})^{2}}},\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\tau }={\frac {{\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }}{{\hat {\gamma }}_{0}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n-{\tau }}(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})^{2}}},\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efe49e2d7741a139f975c21f135069659e2facf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:59.702ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\tau }={\frac {{\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }}{{\hat {\gamma }}_{0}}}={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n-{\tau }}(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-{\bar {x}})^{2}}},\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{0}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{0}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9bde68a12af28c8a9fef47484121153dcb65d1c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.691ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{0}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Berechnung der <a href="Standardfehler" title="Standardfehler">Standardfehler</a> von Stichprobenautokorrelationen erfolgt meist anhand der Bartlett-Formel (siehe dazu: <a href="Korrelogramm" title="Korrelogramm">Korrelogramm</a>).
</p><p>Um die <a href="Unverzerrtheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unverzerrtheit">unverzerrte</a> azyklische Stichprobenautokorrelation zu berechnen, teilt man stattdessen durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a379c32e6117da1461473f8508e38ef26bccba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.437ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-\tau }" loading="lazy"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuliusSmithDFT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}">
<semantics>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de65be62d747bd857a400ca037a7d09c0b80d899.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:56.688ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\sum _{i=1}^{n-\tau }(x_{i+\tau }-{\bar {x}})(x_{i}-{\bar {x}}),\quad \tau =0,1,\ldots ,n-1\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die unverzerrte azyklische Stichprobenkorrelation kann auf modernen Computern schneller im Fourierraum mithilfe der <a href="Diskrete_Fourier-Transformation" title="Diskrete Fourier-Transformation">diskreten Fourier-Transformation</a> ausgerechnet werden (siehe auch <a href="Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem" title="Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem">Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem</a>), indem das (um den Mittelwert bereinigte) Signal mit Nullen verlängert („Zero Padding“). Die angehängten Nullen bewirken, dass nicht die zyklische Stichprobenkorrelation berechnet wird (welche ein periodisches Signal annimmt), sondern die azyklische Stichprobenkorrelation:<sup id="cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuliusSmithDFT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\mathrm {IDFT_{\tau }(DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}}))DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}})))} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\mathrm {IDFT_{\tau }(DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}}))DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}})))} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90afc995d7aae56fac62f8e082ad0db79552670b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:64.738ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\gamma }}_{\tau }={\frac {1}{n-\tau }}\mathrm {IDFT_{\tau }(DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}}))DFT(Zeropad(x-{\bar {x}})))} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h3></div>
<p>Genutzt wird die Autokorrelation u.&nbsp;a. in der <a href="Regressionsanalyse" title="Regressionsanalyse">Regressionsanalyse</a> zeitlicher Daten, in der <a href="Zeitreihenanalyse" title="Zeitreihenanalyse">Zeitreihenanalyse</a> und in der <a href="Bildverarbeitung" title="Bildverarbeitung">Bildverarbeitung</a>. Beispielsweise werden in der Regressionsanalyse die Störgrößen, also die Abweichungen der Beobachtungswerte von der wahren Regressionsgeraden, als Folge von identisch verteilten Zufallsvariablen interpretiert. Damit die Regressionsanalyse sinnvolle Ergebnisse liefert, müssen die Störgrößen zeitlich unkorreliert sein (was z. B. mit dem <a href="Portmanteau-Test" title="Portmanteau-Test">Portmanteau-Test</a> kontrolliert werden kann).
In der Zeitreihenanalyse wird die Autokorrelationsfunktion zusammen mit der <a href="Partielle_Autokorrelationsfunktion" title="Partielle Autokorrelationsfunktion">partielle Autokorrelationsfunktion</a> häufig zur Identifikation von <a href="ARMA-Modell" title="ARMA-Modell">ARMA-Modellen</a> verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h3></div>
<p>Es gibt ein analoges Konzept für komplexwertige stochastische Prozesse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05f8b9d621c0c80afa86a7198ba021247d3a40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Realisierungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{t})_{t\in T}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge der <a href="Komplexe_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Zahlen">komplexen Zahlen</a> bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wenn der Prozess endliche Varianzen besitzt,
dann heißt die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8e86b7d5854328945cd36acc5c61432a76982d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.701ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma (s,t):=\mathrm {E} [(X_{s}-\mathrm {E} [X_{s}])(X_{t}-\mathrm {E} [X_{t}])^{*}],\quad s,t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma (s,t):=\mathrm {E} [(X_{s}-\mathrm {E} [X_{s}])(X_{t}-\mathrm {E} [X_{t}])^{*}],\quad s,t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60fa55d3afffe6fe36ffe041fda3274ef8c6cd5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.917ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma (s,t):=\mathrm {E} [(X_{s}-\mathrm {E} [X_{s}])(X_{t}-\mathrm {E} [X_{t}])^{*}],\quad s,t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <i>Kovarianzfunktion</i> des Prozesses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05f8b9d621c0c80afa86a7198ba021247d3a40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.639ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\in T}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dabei ist für eine komplexwertige Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=A+\mathrm {i} B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=A+\mathrm {i} B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d50f2f8f6e242cabdec3eac3e70b302102ae2e5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.073ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=A+\mathrm {i} B}" loading="lazy"></span> der Erwartungswert als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X]=\mathrm {E} [A]+\mathrm {i} \mathrm {E} [B]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X]=\mathrm {E} [A]+\mathrm {i} \mathrm {E} [B]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d13daef6db4a5540ee7cae11419022095197d8bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.702ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} [X]=\mathrm {E} [A]+\mathrm {i} \mathrm {E} [B]}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert und die komplexwertige Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{*}=A-\mathrm {i} B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{*}=A-\mathrm {i} B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42342cfad22b92a0538e322ad502c8ba375ac0ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.144ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{*}=A-\mathrm {i} B}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet die konjugiert komplexe Variable zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Wenn alle Varianzen positiv sind, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c0f3b741f4b78adbe496019e24139b3d12d848c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.641ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho \colon T\times T\to \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t):={\frac {\gamma (s,t)}{\sqrt {\gamma (s,s)\gamma (t,t)}}},\quad s,t\in T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t):={\frac {\gamma (s,t)}{\sqrt {\gamma (s,s)\gamma (t,t)}}},\quad s,t\in T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6d50545565eb0d4d7e281376e77d8f506e59f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:35.749ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho (s,t):={\frac {\gamma (s,t)}{\sqrt {\gamma (s,s)\gamma (t,t)}}},\quad s,t\in T}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <i>Korrelationsfunktion</i> (oder <i>Autokorrelationsfunktion</i>) des Prozesses.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autokorrelation_in_der_Signalverarbeitung">Autokorrelation in der Signalverarbeitung</h2></div>



<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_2">Definition</h3></div>

<p>Hier wird die Autokorrelationsfunktion (AKF) zur Beschreibung der Korrelation eines Signales mit sich selbst bei unterschiedlichen Zeitverschiebungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen den betrachteten Funktionswerten eingesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die AKF des Signals lässt sich sowohl symmetrisch um den Nullpunkt herum definieren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{2T}}\int _{-T}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{2T}}\int _{-T}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e343bdafec3da824e8ee6cabc34611a37390c751.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:37.285ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{2T}}\int _{-T}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>als auch asymmetrisch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08ebc33ac065bbdc0ab02e2d10261a7064711976.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:36.016ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\lim \limits _{T\rightarrow \infty }{{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>Das Ergebnis würde sich in letzterem Falle z.&nbsp;B. bei einer Dirac-Funktion bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> auf Grund dessen Symmetrie unterscheiden.
</p><p>In Kurzschreibweise wird für die Autokorrelation das Operatorsymbol <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x\star x)(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{*}(t)\ x(t+\tau )\,dt=x^{*}(-\tau )*x(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x\star x)(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{*}(t)\ x(t+\tau )\,dt=x^{*}(-\tau )*x(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7caef32b3c4cf0e7b5304c78c1a70d0e9eb8d92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.521ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x\star x)(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{*}(t)\ x(t+\tau )\,dt=x^{*}(-\tau )*x(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5be23ee5d433f8b576e63bcb47518128ee0b6bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.384ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> als die <a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">konjugiert komplexe</a> Funktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem <a href="Faltung_(Mathematik)" title="Faltung (Mathematik)">Faltungsoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e9972f426d9e07855984f73ee195a21dbc21755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die AKF entspricht der Autokovarianzfunktion für <a href="Mittelwertfreiheit" title="Mittelwertfreiheit">mittelwertfreie</a>, stationäre Signale. In der Praxis wird die Autokorrelationsfunktion solcher Signale in der Regel über die Autokovarianzfunktion berechnet.
</p><p>Für zeitdiskrete Signale wird statt des Integrals die Summe verwendet. Mit einer diskreten Verschiebung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f461e54f5c093e92a55547b9764291390f0b5d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:0.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(j)=\sum _{n}x_{n}\,x_{n-j}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(j)=\sum _{n}x_{n}\,x_{n-j}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32e38f69465a0a5296e836df08dbd256a7885ce9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:21.615ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(j)=\sum _{n}x_{n}\,x_{n-j}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der digitalen <a href="Signalanalyse" title="Signalanalyse">Signalanalyse</a> wird die Autokorrelationsfunktion in der Regel über die <a href="IFFT" title="IFFT">inverse Fouriertransformation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/798153399d91ed4f7c88fa012bd0fabe708c4de2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <a href="Autoleistungsspektrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoleistungsspektrum">Autoleistungsspektrums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{XX}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{XX}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/221a2d962fb2aad66c0a235397c4eb545b5f4d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.545ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{XX}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}(S_{XX})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}(S_{XX})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/128678eae151e22c5a24e20fa92a5cf72b24aa08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.02ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}(S_{XX})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die theoretische Grundlage dieser Berechnung ist das <a href="Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem" title="Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem">Wiener-Chintschin-Theorem</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impuls-AKF">Impuls-AKF</h3></div>
<p>Für Signale mit endlichem Energieinhalt – sogenannte <a href="Energiesignal" title="Energiesignal">Energiesignale</a> – erweist es sich als sinnvoll, folgende Definition zu verwenden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}^{E}(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}^{E}(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e97696e1fc823a944b925103bdad3f084a3399c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.919ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}^{E}(\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften_der_AKF">Eigenschaften der AKF</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geradheit">Geradheit</h4></div>
<p>Die AKF ist eine gerade Funktion:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(-\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(-\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e25a8102b2dc9ab1542faeb748ad1ff9ad2c7b40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(-\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Periodizitäten"><span id="Periodizit.C3.A4ten"></span>Periodizitäten</h4></div>

<p>Die einer periodischen AKF (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/736ac133af10b3a1100c3698e080cd094deae891.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.834ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}" loading="lazy"></span>) zugrundeliegende Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist selbst periodisch, wie folgender Beweis zeigt:
</p>
<table style="margin-left:2em">

<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(nT)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT)dt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(nT)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT)dt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8390cd3eee3ab3fb15e5e5f42d8bf1471ff7de87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.577ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(nT)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT)dt}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(0)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t)dt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(0)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t)dt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9263ebb538425fb6b230e7df1e38ce3c0f0ccac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.837ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(0)={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t)dt}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow x(t)=x(t+nT)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow x(t)=x(t+nT)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a796d9a89829c6ea9979773a02419bb058860e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.896ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow x(t)=x(t+nT)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Umgekehrt gilt auch für periodische Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78c06c0153b0835a639bbe1cefc55bcc5090d45d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.927ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass ihre AKF <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce8338946a4b4afa56d2cd2f70642a04b7ae109e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.932ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span> periodisch ist:
</p>
<table style="margin-left:2em">

<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT+\tau )dt}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT+\tau )dt}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19df68daa431f643bd488e6395b15b367047adcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:56.778ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi _{xx}(\tau )={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+\tau )dt}={\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t+nT+\tau )dt}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdf72e7ff9fefec4f05672fe83f8ad1b8bb551ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.803ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Somit lässt sich schließen, dass eine Funktion und ihre AKF stets dieselbe Periodizität aufweisen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)\Leftrightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)\Leftrightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f64343eb9dae5c2ac78eae6320cc5aea82f95e23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.375ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=x(t+nT)\Leftrightarrow \Psi _{xx}(\tau )=\Psi _{xx}(\tau +nT)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Gibt es Wiederholungen im Signal, so ergeben sich Maxima der Autokorrelationsfunktion bei den Zeitverschiebungen, die der Wiederholungsdauer von Erscheinungen im Signal entsprechen. So können z.&nbsp;B. versteckte periodische Anteile und Echoerscheinungen in Signalen detektiert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maximum">Maximum</h4></div>
<p>Die AKF hat unabhängig ihrer Definition bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> ihr Maximum:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi _{xx}(\tau )|\leq \Psi _{xx}(0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi _{xx}(\tau )|\leq \Psi _{xx}(0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/806fd27f070824d7750f0202d8a1493d859f7849.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.217ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi _{xx}(\tau )|\leq \Psi _{xx}(0)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die AKF wird dieser Wert als Effektivwertquadrat, für die Impuls-AKF als <a href="Signalenergie" class="mw-redirect" title="Signalenergie">Signalenergie</a> bezeichnet.
</p><p>Häufig wird die Autokorrelationsfunktion auch auf den Maximalwert bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> normiert angegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\frac {\Psi _{xx}(\tau )}{\Psi _{xx}(0)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\frac {\Psi _{xx}(\tau )}{\Psi _{xx}(0)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e178536587973a33d9c355b47b571ef6e7a1c968.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.58ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{xx}\left(\tau \right)={\frac {\Psi _{xx}(\tau )}{\Psi _{xx}(0)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Absoluter_Betrag" class="mw-redirect" title="Absoluter Betrag">Betrag</a> dieser normierten Autokorrelationsfunktion kann Werte zwischen 0 und 1 annehmen. Man spricht dabei auch vom zeitlichen <b><a href="Korrelationskoeffizient" class="mw-redirect" title="Korrelationskoeffizient">Autokorrelationskoeffizienten</a></b> einer Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der zeitlich verschobenen Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t+\tau }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t+\tau }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29411f0cd480b0dcd0c35ecabfc44d9a0a825835.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.879ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t+\tau }}" loading="lazy"></span> .<sup id="cite_ref-dunn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abfallverhalten">Abfallverhalten</h4></div>
<p>Für große Zeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau \rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau \rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79f3e236e19ba00ebcbbe6dd307eb0cd8ccac327.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.14ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau \rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> und nicht selbst periodische Funktionen x gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to \infty }\Psi _{xx}(\tau )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to \infty }\Psi _{xx}(\tau )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98781388d29e716e5412e5b0b34980355343e96d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.716ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to \infty }\Psi _{xx}(\tau )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h3></div>


<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_1">Beispiel 1</h4></div>
<p>Die Funktionen im nebenstehenden Bild sind aus sinusförmigen Abschnitten einheitlicher Frequenz zusammengesetzt. An den Stoßstellen treten Phasensprünge auf. Zur Berechnung der Korrelation <i>multipliziert</i> man punktweise beide <a href="Auslenkung" title="Auslenkung">Signalwerte</a> und addiert die Produkte über einen längeren Zeitraum. Bei der gezeichneten Verzögerung Δs sind in den rot markierten Bereichen alle Einzelprodukte positiv oder null, in den dazwischen liegenden Bereichen meist negativ. Nur für Δs = 0 sind <i>alle</i> Einzelprodukte positiv, die Korrelationsfunktion erreicht ihren maximalen Wert.
</p><p>Nebenbemerkung: Addiert man beide Signale, können stückweise konstruktive bzw. <a href="Destruktive_Interferenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruktive Interferenz">destruktive Interferenz</a> auftreten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_2">Beispiel 2</h4></div>
<p>Bei der <a href="Optische_Koh%C3%A4renztomografie" class="mw-redirect" title="Optische Kohärenztomografie">Optischen Kohärenztomografie</a> wird Licht besonders geringer Kohärenzlänge verwendet, weil die Autokorrelation nur dann ein merklich von Null abweichendes Ergebnis liefert, wenn die Länge von Messarm und Referenzarm gut übereinstimmen. Bei größerer Abweichung variieren die Ergebnisse der Autokorrelation um Null (<a href="Wei%C3%9Flichtinterferometrie" title="Weißlichtinterferometrie">Weißlichtinterferometrie</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendungen_in_der_Signalverarbeitung">Anwendungen in der Signalverarbeitung</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finden_von_Signalperioden">Finden von Signalperioden</h4></div>
<p>Eine häufige Anwendung der Autokorrelationsfunktion besteht darin, in (gegebenenfalls trendbereinigten) stark <a href="Rauschen_(Physik)" title="Rauschen (Physik)">verrauschten Signalen</a> <a href="Periodizit%C3%A4t" title="Periodizität">Periodizitäten</a> zu finden, die nicht ohne weiteres ersichtlich sind:
</p>
<ul><li>Die Autokorrelationsfunktion eines periodischen Signals ist wieder ein periodisches Signal mit derselben <a href="Grundfrequenz" title="Grundfrequenz">Periode</a>. So ist zum Beispiel die Autokorrelationsfunktion eines <a href="Kosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosinus">Kosinussignals</a></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)={\hat {x}}\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)={\hat {x}}\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46fdce841df960f1932a8c7c116b6793d6ee4910.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)={\hat {x}}\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>wiederum eine Kosinusfunktion mit derselben <a href="Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> (Erhaltung der Signalperiode).
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )={\frac {{\hat {x}}^{2}}{2}}\cos(\omega \tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )={\frac {{\hat {x}}^{2}}{2}}\cos(\omega \tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfe70a642ed6847050aaf6361a8b26548626151f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.162ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )={\frac {{\hat {x}}^{2}}{2}}\cos(\omega \tau )}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Allerdings ist hierbei die <a href="Phase_(Schwingung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase (Schwingung)">Phaseninformation</a> verloren gegangen.</dd>
<dd>Eine gleichwertige Möglichkeit des Findens der Signalperiode ist die Möglichkeit, das Fourier-Spektrum des Signals nach einer dominanten Frequenz zu untersuchen. Da die Autokorrelation die normierte Fourier-Transformierte des <a href="Leistungsdichtespektrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leistungsdichtespektrum">Leistungsdichtespektrum</a> ist (gemäß dem <a href="Wiener-Khinchine-Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener-Khinchine-Theorem">Wiener-Khinchine-Theorem</a>), sind beide Ansätze gleichwertig.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Da <a href="Wei%C3%9Fes_Rauschen_(Physik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißes Rauschen (Physik)">weißes Rauschen</a> zu einem Zeitpunkt völlig unabhängig von weißem Rauschen zu einem anderen Zeitpunkt ist, ergibt die Autokorrelationsfunktion von weißem Rauschen einen <a href="Dirac-Impuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac-Impuls">Dirac-Impuls</a> an der Stelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Liegt weißes Rauschen der <a href="Leistungsdichte" title="Leistungsdichte">Leistungsdichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebe0ac45a38c4437bd2689a14ec434cd499e7e49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Frequenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =-\infty \ldots +\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =-\infty \ldots +\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5aa9ce9c6e1c0c71a5431c10bc15f89bc9512918.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.951ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =-\infty \ldots +\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> vor, so gilt:<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )=S_{0}\delta (\tau )\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )=S_{0}\delta (\tau )\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32d9643b3c281b45bf4c5baceb1a3e2746b07077.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.913ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{xx}(\tau )=S_{0}\delta (\tau )\,}" loading="lazy"></span><br> Bei gefärbtem Rauschen, das in technischen Systemen meistens an Stelle von weißem Rauschen vorkommt, ergibt sich ebenso ein absolutes Maximum der Autokorrelationsfunktion bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> und ein Abfall der Autokorrelationsfunktion für Verschiebungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\tau |>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\tau |&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1961464ad602f78dba9c1e8fa07e74108db0a467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.757ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\tau |>0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Breite dieses Maximums wird von der „Farbe“ des Rauschens bestimmt.</li></ul>
<p>Bei der Analyse von Periodizitäten wird nur die Autokorrelationsfunktion für große Werte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet und der Bereich um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> ignoriert, da er vor allem Information über die Stärke des Rauschsignals enthält.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis"><span id="Signal-Rausch-Verh.C3.A4ltnis"></span>Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis</h4></div>
<p>Da der Wert der Autokorrelationsfunktion bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4422051052da869dc5b1f0e1cfb06a045ee0c36a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =0}" loading="lazy"></span> dem quadratischen Mittelwert (bei Leistungssignalen) bzw. der Signalenergie (bei Energiesignalen) entspricht, kann man durch Bilden der Autokorrelationsfunktion relativ einfach das <a href="Signal-Rausch-Verh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis">Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis</a> abschätzen.
</p><p>Dazu teilt man die Höhe des Wertes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to 0}R_{xx}(\tau )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to 0}R_{xx}(\tau )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a102b4dd548ce14096744da22d43dfbfc84bc7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.59ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim \limits _{\tau \to 0}R_{xx}(\tau )}" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h. den Wert, den die Autokorrelationsfunktion ohne Rauschen an der Stelle 0 hätte, durch die Höhe der „Rauschspitze“. Beim Umrechnen des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses <i>S<sub>x</sub> / N<sub>x</sub></i> in <a href="Dezibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezibel">Dezibel</a> muss man darauf achten, dass man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fc16d74f3ef119c33004efc5b0ce59b920926c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.835ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 20\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 20\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b30f5c76e6f554878cd139fdc4f51a5776ece11c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.835ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 20\cdot \log \left({\tfrac {S_{x}}{N_{x}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet. Das liegt daran, dass die Autokorrelationsfunktion an der Stelle 0 eine Leistungs- bzw. Energiegröße (quadratische Größe) und keine Feldgröße darstellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Partielle_Autokorrelationsfunktion" title="Partielle Autokorrelationsfunktion">Partielle Autokorrelationsfunktion</a></li>
<li><a href="Maximum_Length_Sequence" title="Maximum Length Sequence">Maximum Length Sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="Kreuzkorrelation" title="Kreuzkorrelation">Kreuzkorrelation</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="P._Heinz_M%C3%BCller" title="P. Heinz Müller">P. H. Müller</a> (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Lexikon der Stochastik – Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und mathematische Statistik</cite>. 5. Auflage. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 978-3-05-500608-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i>Kovarianzfunktion</i>, S. 208–209</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Autokorrelation&amp;rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Stochastik+-+Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung+und+mathematische+Statistik&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783055006081&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Autocorrelation.html"><i>Autocorrelation.</i></a> Wolfram MathWorld,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 3.&nbsp;September 2013</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAutokorrelation&amp;rft.title=Autocorrelation&amp;rft.description=Autocorrelation&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FAutocorrelation.html&amp;rft.publisher=Wolfram+MathWorld">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">auf Englisch cross-autocorrelation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=V46p_mH99m8C&amp;lpg=PA17&amp;dq=crossautocorrelation&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA17#v=onepage&amp;q=crossautocorrelation&amp;f=false">Google Books</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JuliusSmithDFT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JuliusSmithDFT_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius O. Smith: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsprelated.com/freebooks/mdft/Unbiased_Cross_Correlation.html"><i>Unbiased Cross_Correlation</i>.</a> In: <i>Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): With Audio Applications</i>. ISBN 978-0-9745607-4-8, S. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Brockwell, Richard A. Davis: <i>Time Series: Theory and Methods</i>. Springer-Verlag, New York 1987, ISBN 0-387-96406-1, S. 28–29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="P._Heinz_M%C3%BCller" title="P. Heinz Müller">P. H. Müller</a> (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Lexikon der Stochastik – Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und mathematische Statistik</cite>. 5. Auflage. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 978-3-05-500608-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i>Kovarianzfunktion</i>, S. 208–209</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Autokorrelation&amp;rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Stochastik+-+Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung+und+mathematische+Statistik&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.edition=5&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783055006081&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lntwww.de/Stochastische_Signaltheorie/Autokorrelationsfunktion_(AKF)"><i>Autokorrelationsfunktion (AKF) – LNTwww.</i></a> In: <i>Autokorrelationsfunktion (AKF).</i> LNTwww (Technische Universität München),<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 19.&nbsp;Juli 2024</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAutokorrelation&amp;rft.title=Autokorrelationsfunktion+%28AKF%29+%E2%80%93+LNTwww&amp;rft.description=Autokorrelationsfunktion+%28AKF%29+%E2%80%93+LNTwww&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lntwww.de%2FStochastische_Signaltheorie%2FAutokorrelationsfunktion_%28AKF%29&amp;rft.publisher=LNTwww+%28Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen%29">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lntwww.de/Stochastische_Signaltheorie/Autokorrelationsfunktion_(AKF)"><i>Autokorrelationsfunktion (AKF) – LNTwww.</i></a> In: <i>Autokorrelationsfunktion (AKF).</i> LNTwww (Technische Universität München),<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 19.&nbsp;Juli 2024</span> (Eigenschaften der Autokorrelationsfunktion).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAutokorrelation&amp;rft.title=Autokorrelationsfunktion+%28AKF%29+%E2%80%93+LNTwww&amp;rft.description=Autokorrelationsfunktion+%28AKF%29+%E2%80%93+LNTwww&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lntwww.de%2FStochastische_Signaltheorie%2FAutokorrelationsfunktion_%28AKF%29&amp;rft.publisher=LNTwww+%28Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen%29">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dunn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dunn_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick F. Dunn: <i>Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science</i>. McGraw-Hill, New York 2005, ISBN 0-07-282538-3</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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